英语 点击: 2018-10-31
定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导,但须记住:what不能引导定语从句;关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。
关系词 | 先行词 | 从句成分 | 例句 | 备注 | |
关系代词 | who | 人 | 主语 | Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother? | whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that |
whom | 人 | 宾语 | Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking | ||
Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthe war.. | |||||
whose | 人或物 | 定语 | Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory. | ||
Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismy deskmate. | |||||
that | 人或物 | 主语,宾语 | Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly. | ||
Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttosee verymuch. | |||||
which | 物 | 主语,宾语 | Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10. | ||
Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccident wasterrible. | |||||
as | 人或物 | 主语,宾语 | Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus. | as做宾语一般不省略 | |
ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday. | |||||
关系副词 | when | 时间 | 时间状语 | Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere. | 可用onwhich |
where | 地点 | 地点状语 | ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn. | 可用inwhich | |
why | 原因 | 原因状语 | Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer. | 可用forwhich |
that与which,who,whom的用法区别
情况 | 用法说明 | 例句 |
只用that的情况 | 1.先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时 | 1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows. |
2.先行词被all,any,every,each,much, little,no,some,few等修饰时 | 2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout. | |
3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 | 3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread. | |
4.先行词既指人又指物时 | 4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered. | |
5.先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时 | 5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee. | |
6.句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时 | 6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech? | |
只用which,who, whom的情况 | 1.在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人 | 1.Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy. |
2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。 | 2.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking. | |
3.先行词本身是that时,关系词用which,先行词为those,one, he时多用who。 | 3.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers. |
Theoldmanwho/whom/thatwevisitedyesterdayisafamousartist.
MissWangistakingcareofthechildwhoseparentshavegonetoBeijing.
Themanwithwhommyfathershookhandsjustnowisourheadmaster.(=Themanwho/whomthatmyfathershookhandswithjustnowisourheadmaster.)注:
A.指人时有时只用who不宜用that。
1.先行词为one、ones或anyone
(1)ThecomradeIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkshard.
(2)Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.
2.先行词为these时
ThesewhoaregoingtoBeijingarethebeststudentsofourschool.
3.在therebe开头的句子中
Thereisastudentwhowantstoseeyou.
4.一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个宜用who,以免重复。
Thestudentthatwonthefirstprizeisthemonitorwhoworkshards.
5.在非限制性定语从句中
A。Imetafriendofmineinthestreet,whohadjustcomefromJapan.
B.主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用who。
1.Ilikethebookswhich/thatwerewrittenbyLuXun.
2.Thedesks(which/that)wemadelastyearwereverygood.
3.Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.(=Thisisthehousewhich/thatwelivedinlastyear.)
4.Iliveintheroomwhosewindowsfacesouth.(=Iliveintheroom,thewindowsofwhichfacesouth.)
注:A.介词如果位于作为其宾语的关系代词之前时,只能用whom、which不能用who或that.
(1)Thegirlaboutwhomtheyweretalkingisourmonitor.
(2)ThebookinwhichtherearemanyinterestingthingswaswrittenbyLiMing.
B.部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开,在定语从句中其介词不可前置,只能放在其动词之后。
Isthisthebookwhichsheislookingfor?
Theoldmanwho/whomtheyarewaitingforisProfessorLi.
Thechildwho/whomsheislookingafterisWangPing’sson.
C.指物时,下列情况下只能用that,不宜用which。
(1)先行词为不定代词,如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、theone等。
Wearewillingtodoanythingthatisgoodtothepeople.
Ihavetoldthemall(that)Iknow.
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
(2)先行词是序数词或被序数词、修饰时。
ThefirstbookthatIreadlastnightwasanEnglishnovel.
(3)先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。
ThisisoneofthemostinterestingfilmsthatIhaveeverseen.
Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.
(4)如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物),定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不合适,只能用that。
Weknownothingaboutthedoctorsandthehospitalsthatyouaretalkingabout.
Therearesheepandmenthatcanbeseenonthehill.
(5)如果先行词被theonly、thevery、thelast、thesame、any、few、little、no、all、oneof、just修饰时。
Thisistheonlybookthatcanbelenttoyou.
(6)当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时,关系代词只用that。
Whichisthedictionarythatheusedyesterday?
D.只物时,下列情况下只能用which,不宜用that。
(1)关系代词放在介词之后
Thisisthefactoryinwhichweonceworked.
(2)非限制性定语从句中
Thisisthebook,whichiswrittenbyLuXun.
(3)that,Those作主语时
ThosewhichareonthedeskareEnglishbooks.
E.先行词前有such、thesame、as时,关系代词用as,不用that,但thesame…as…表示同样的,thesame…that…表示同一的
Heknowsasmanypeopleasarepresentatthemeeting.
Suchpeopleasyourefertoarerarenowadays.
whichIstillneverforget.
ThisisthedaywhenIjoinedtheparty.
whichhespentreadingthebooks.
whereIfoundthebook.
whichmakesmachines.
Thisistheplacewhichweoncevisited.
whichIwillneverforget.
whichIamlookingfor.
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
Allthestudentswhostudyhardhavepassed.jrs直播-手机版努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了,不努力的没及格。)Allthestudents,whostudyhardhavepassed.所有的学生都及格了,他们jrs直播-手机版努力。(没有人不及格,这些学生都很努力。)
从句是先行词不可缺少的定语(如去掉,主句意思就不完整或不正确。)从句是对先行词的附加说明(如去掉,主句意思仍清楚,不受影响。)与主句关系密切,不用逗号与主句关系不十分密切,用逗号与主句隔开译为汉语时,从句译在先行词前,与先行词用“的”连接译为汉语时,从句放在主句后面关系代词that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物)关系代词不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物)关系代词代替宾语时可以省略关系代词不能省略关系代词as和which
先看下面两个例句:
1.Thiselephantislikeasnake,as/whicheverybodycansee.=Aseverybodycansee,thiselephantislikeasnake.任何人都看得出来,这头象像条蛇。
2.Tomdidn’tpassthephysicsexam,whichmadehisparentsveryangry.Tom物理考试不及格,这使得他父亲很生气。
这两个例句中,as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处:
1.在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面,也可位于主句的前面;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面,不能位于主句的前面。
2.在意义上,as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系,常译为“正如……”,“就像……”,而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系,或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此,在意思通顺的情况下,which可代替as,而as许多时候不能代替which,如句2。再如:
1.Hewaslateagain,as/whichwehadexpected.=Aswehadexpected,hewaslateagain.正如我们所料,他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。
2.Thestreethasn’tbeenclearedforweeks,whichmakesitverydirty.街道好多星期没有打扫了,因此整条街很脏。(不用as)
3.Theyoungmancheatedhisfriendofmuchmoney,whichwasdisgraceful.那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财,这是不光彩的。(不用as)
4.Hetakesexerciseeveryday,whichhasdonealotofgoodtohishealth.他每天运动,这对他的身体很有好处。(不用as)
5.Ashasalreadybeenpointedout,Englishisratherdifficultforaforeigner.正如已经指出的那样,英语对于初学者说,是相当难学的。在such…as…、thesame…as…、as…、asmany…/muchas…等结构中,as不能用which代替。如:Suchbooksasthisaretoodifficultforbeginners.这样的书对于初学的人来说是太难了。
“Oneofthe+复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况
这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式,跟定语从句所*近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如:Thatisoneofthebooksthatarerequiredforstudyatschool.
如果oneof+复数名词这一结构前面带有theonly、thevery之类的限定语,后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式,这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是而不是那个复数名词。如:
1.HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsFrenchinourschool.(修饰theonlyone)
HeisoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool.(修饰theteachers)
2.Thisistheonlyoneoftheroomsthatisfreenow.(修饰theonlyone)
Thisisoneoftheroomsthatarefreenow.(修饰rooms)
as与which引导的定语从句
两者均可引导非限制性定语从句,有时可以互换,但下列情况多用as。
1.关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。Asweallknow,theearthisround.
2.当与such或thesame连用时,一般用as。Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.Ihavethesameplanasyou.
3.当从句和主句语义一致时,用as,反之则用which。Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.
4.as在从句中作主语时,后面常接行为动词的被动语态,如beknown,besaid,bereported等,如从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般要用which作主语。
Shehasbeenlateagain,aswasexpected.
Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeushappy.
http://m.dsms123.com/xx/176169/